Bedside Snapshot

Use It For: Severe hypertension in pregnancy or up to 6 weeks postpartum (SBP ≥160 or DBP ≥110 mmHg); severe hypertension when oral therapy is not possible; pediatric severe hypertension (specialist)
Adult Dose: Pregnancy/postpartum: 5–10 mg IV over 2 min; still severe at 20 min, 10 mg IV (max 20 mg)
Still severe 20 min later: switch to labetalol
Non-pregnant: 10 mg slow IV (max initial dose 20 mg)
Pediatric Dose: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IV or IM, may increase to 0.4 mg/kg (max 20 mg/dose); every 4–6 hr as needed; specialist direction
Onset / Duration: IV: 10–20 min / 2–4 hr (maximal fall 10–80 min); IM: 10–20 min / variable; PO: peak level 1–2 hr
Do Not Give / Hold If: Hypersensitivity; coronary artery disease; mitral rheumatic valve disease; aortic dissection as sole agent. Hold if BP at target. Pregnancy: no repeat before the 20-min recheck; non-pregnant: every 4–6 hr as needed
Watch For: Overshoot hypotension (BP below target, fetal heart rate decelerations); reflex tachycardia and angina (HR, chest pain, ST change); headache; long-term use: lupus-like syndrome (ANA)
Reversal / Rescue: No specific reversal: stop dosing, supine with left lateral tilt in pregnancy, IV fluid bolus; vasopressor only if needed; beta-blocker for tachycardia per medical direction
Must Remember: Slow on, long acting: recheck BP at 20 min before any repeat dose. In pregnancy, 2 doses (5–10 mg, then 10 mg; max 20 mg) without control means switch to labetalol and call maternal-fetal medicine or critical care

Indications

ED / ICU / Transport

Acute-onset severe hypertension in pregnancy or up to 6 weeks postpartum: SBP ≥160 or DBP ≥110 mmHg that lasts 15 min or more. ACOG lists three agents for this, and hydralazine is one of them. The other two are IV labetalol and oral immediate-release nifedipine. With asthma or bradycardia, hydralazine is a preferred first choice.
Preeclampsia with severe features, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets): treat the pressure alongside magnesium sulfate seizure prophylaxis.
Severe hypertension when oral therapy is not possible or BP must come down urgently (FDA-labeled): in non-pregnant adults it is a second-line choice. Titratable infusions such as nicardipine, clevidipine and labetalol come first.
Pediatric severe hypertension: intermittent IV or IM bolus, for specialist use.

Other Uses

Chronic hypertension (oral): it is an add-on agent. You will usually see it paired with a beta-blocker and a diuretic, which offset reflex tachycardia and fluid retention.
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (oral): a fixed-dose combination with isosorbide dinitrate (BiDil). The label lists it as an adjunct to standard therapy in self-identified Black patients. The 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline adds that it may be considered (Class 2b) when an ARNI, ACE inhibitor or ARB cannot be used because of intolerance or renal insufficiency.

Dosing & Administration

Doses vary by protocol; follow local protocols and medical direction.

Available Forms

Injection: 20 mg/mL in a 1 mL (20 mg) single-dose vial, for IV or IM use. This is the form ED, labor and delivery (L&D), ICU and critical-care transport teams use. 5 mg = 0.25 mL; 10 mg = 0.5 mL.
Tablets: 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg.
Fixed-dose combination (BiDil): hydralazine 37.5 mg with isosorbide dinitrate 20 mg per scored tablet.

Adult Dosing

Indication	Dose & Route	Repeat / Max	Notes
Severe hypertension in pregnancy or ≤6 weeks postpartum: hydralazine as first agent (ACOG algorithm)	5–10 mg IV over 2 min	Recheck BP in 20 min; still SBP ≥160 or DBP ≥110 mmHg: 10 mg IV over 2 min. Recheck in 20 min; still severe: stop hydralazine (max 20 mg) and switch to labetalol	Give within 30–60 min of confirmed severe BP. Target 130–150/80–100 mmHg; stop once reached. Start magnesium sulfate at the same time; if both cannot start together, the antihypertensive comes first
Pregnancy: hydralazine failed after 2 doses (ACOG switch point)	Labetalol 20 mg IV over 2 min, and obtain emergent maternal-fetal medicine or critical care consultation	Recheck in 10 min; still severe: labetalol 40 mg IV. Recheck in 10 min; still severe: labetalol 80 mg IV while awaiting help	Asthma or bradycardia: agree the next agent with the consultant instead of giving labetalol
Pregnancy: labetalol first and failed (ACOG algorithm)	10 mg IV over 2 min after labetalol 20, 40 and 80 mg have not controlled BP	Recheck in 20 min; still severe: obtain emergent consultation (maternal-fetal medicine or critical care)	Same BP target and post-control monitoring as the first row
Pregnancy: alternative regimen (ACOG Practice Bulletin 222)	5 mg IV or IM, then 5–10 mg IV	Every 20–40 min; max cumulative 20 mg	IM only when there is no IV access; the ACOG algorithm prefers oral immediate-release nifedipine in that case
Severe hypertension, non-pregnant adult	10 mg slow IV (max initial dose 20 mg)	Every 4–6 hr as needed. FDA label: 20–40 mg IV or IM, repeated as necessary; no fixed label max	Second-line: onset and depth of response are unpredictable. Lower doses in marked renal impairment. Lower MAP by no more than 25% in the first hour (2017 ACC/AHA) unless the condition demands faster control. Switch to oral therapy as soon as possible; most patients can be transferred to oral hydralazine within 24–48 hr (label)
Chronic hypertension (oral)	10 mg PO four times daily for 2–4 days, then 25 mg four times daily for the rest of week 1, then 50 mg four times daily	Max 300 mg/day in resistant patients	Maintain at the lowest effective dose, usually with a beta-blocker and a diuretic
HFrEF, with isosorbide dinitrate (BiDil, oral)	1 tablet (hydralazine 37.5 mg / isosorbide dinitrate 20 mg) PO three times daily	Titrate to max 2 tablets three times daily; may drop to ½ tablet three times daily if not tolerated	Adjunct to standard therapy. Contraindicated with organic nitrate allergy, PDE5 inhibitors (avanafil, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil) or riociguat (nitrate component)

Dosing weight: adult doses are fixed, not weight-based. Titrate to the BP response.

Pediatric Dosing

Indication	Dose (per kg) & Route	Max Single / Max Total	Notes
Acute severe hypertension (specialist use)	0.1–0.2 mg/kg IV or IM; may increase to 0.4 mg/kg (off-label; AAP 2017)	Max 0.4 mg/kg/dose and 20 mg/dose; every 4–6 hr as an IV bolus. Injection label total: 1.7–3.5 mg/kg/day in 4–6 divided doses	Cap 20 mg per dose = adult maximum initial dose. NASEMSO: a pediatric weight-based dose should not exceed the adult maximum unless a guideline states otherwise. AAP 2017 gives 0.1–0.2 mg/kg up to 0.4 mg/kg/dose. Differs from FDA label: label gives 1.7–3.5 mg/kg/day in 4–6 divided doses and says pediatric safety and effectiveness are not established in controlled trials; 0.4 mg/kg and the 20 mg cap are not label figures. AAP 2017: lower BP by no more than 25% of the planned reduction over the first 8 hr. Causes reflex tachycardia
Severe hypertension with few or no symptoms (oral, AAP 2017)	0.25 mg/kg PO every 6–8 hr	Max 25 mg/dose	For a severely hypertensive child without significant symptoms or end-organ injury, under specialist direction; lower doses in renal dysfunction
Chronic hypertension (oral, FDA label)	0.75 mg/kg/day PO in 4 divided doses	Increase gradually over 3–4 weeks to max 7.5 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/day	Not a first-line maintenance agent in children; never exceed adult doses
Neonates	Not routinely used (consult)	No established neonatal dose	Neonatal intensive care specialist use only

Check doses with pediatric weight-based dosing. Age-based BP norms are on pediatric vital signs.

Preparation & Administration

Push rate: IV over 2 min in obstetric protocols; the label allows a direct IV bolus.
Dilution: none needed; give undiluted. Use immediately after opening the vial.
Small volumes: draw 0.25–0.5 mL doses in a 1 mL syringe and confirm the mg dose before the push.
Inspect: the solution can discolor on contact with metal; discard any discolored solution.
IM: labeled as an alternative to a rapid IV bolus when oral therapy is not possible. Obstetric protocols prefer IV; with no IV access, the ACOG algorithm suggests oral immediate-release nifedipine instead.
Flush: follow with a saline flush.

Dosing Notes:

The label says not to add hydralazine to infusion solutions. ACOG Practice Bulletin 222 lists a constant infusion of 0.5–10 mg/hr, but most protocols use a titratable agent (labetalol, nicardipine) when an infusion is needed.
Renal and hepatic considerations: see Special Populations.

Contraindications & Precautions

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to hydralazine (label)
Coronary artery disease (label). Reflex tachycardia can provoke angina, ischemic ECG changes and myocardial infarction
Mitral valvular rheumatic heart disease (label). It can raise pulmonary artery pressure
Acute aortic dissection as a sole agent (clinical practice, not a label item). Reflex tachycardia loads the aortic wall with more shear stress. Beta-blockade comes first

Precautions

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: tachycardia and hypotension can tip the heart into ischemia and angina (BiDil label warning). Lowering afterload can make dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction worse. Avoid it, or use it only with expert input.
Stroke or raised intracranial pressure: lowering BP can make cerebral ischemia worse. Follow the stroke-team BP targets.
Advanced renal impairment: start with lower doses.
Suspected coronary disease: proceed with caution and keep a cardiac monitor on. When another agent is available, pick that one.
History of drug-induced lupus or blood dyscrasia: pick another agent.

Hold / Reassess If

BP at or below target (pregnancy: 130–150/80–100 mmHg): stop further doses
Pregnancy: less than 20 min since the last IV dose (wait for the recheck). Non-pregnant: less than 4–6 hr since the last dose. Do not stack doses
New chest pain, ischemic ST changes or symptomatic tachycardia
New fetal heart rate decelerations or bradycardia after a maternal BP drop

Do not treat a number: Use IV hydralazine for a hypertensive emergency or for severe hypertension in pregnancy. Giving it on an as-needed basis for high BP in an asymptomatic inpatient has no proven benefit, and it brings unpredictable falls and hypotensive episodes.

Adverse Effects & Toxicity

Common

Headache
Palpitations, reflex tachycardia, angina
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Less frequent: hypotension (including postural) and dizziness; flushing, nasal congestion; edema and fluid retention with long-term use; paradoxical pressor response
Less frequent, hypersensitivity: rash, urticaria, pruritus, fever, chills, arthralgia, eosinophilia; rarely hepatitis
Less frequent, hematologic: lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly (blood dyscrasias below)

Serious / Life-Threatening

Effect	Recognition	Management
Overshoot hypotension (more maternal hypotension than with labetalol in pooled trials)	BP below target, dizziness, syncope; new fetal heart rate decelerations	Stop dosing, supine with left lateral tilt in pregnancy, IV fluid bolus; vasopressor only if needed
Myocardial ischemia or infarction	Chest pain, ischemic ST changes, rising heart rate	Stop; 12-lead ECG; treat ischemia as for acute coronary syndrome; beta-blocker for tachycardia once BP allows
Drug-induced lupus-like syndrome, including glomerulonephritis	Arthralgia, myalgia, fever, serositis, positive ANA; usually after more than 6 months of oral use, dose-related	Stop the drug; symptoms usually regress, though residual effects can persist; steroids in severe cases
Blood dyscrasias	Falling hemoglobin, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, purpura on CBC	Stop the drug
Peripheral neuritis	Paresthesia, numbness, tingling with long-term use	Add pyridoxine (antipyridoxine effect)

Overdose & Toxicity Management

Signs: hypotension, tachycardia, headache, generalized flushing; can progress to myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia and profound shock.
Immediate management: airway, IV access, cardiac monitor. Treat shock with IV fluid first; add a vasopressor only if hypotension persists, choosing one least likely to provoke arrhythmia. A beta-blocker treats tachycardia or ischemia once BP allows. Monitor renal function.
Antidote: none. Pediatric management is the same, with weight-based fluid boluses.
Extracorporeal removal: no reported experience with dialysis.

Monitoring

Parameter	When / How Often	Target / Act If
Clinical: BP during treatment (pregnancy)	Confirm severe BP within 15 min; recheck 20 min after each hydralazine dose	Still ≥160/110 mmHg after 2 doses: switch to labetalol and call for help. At target 130–150/80–100: stop dosing
Clinical: BP after control (pregnancy)	Every 10 min for 1 hr, every 15 min for 1 hr, every 30 min for 1 hr, then hourly for 4 hr	Any BP ≥160/110 mmHg: give antihypertensives again
Clinical: BP (non-pregnant)	Frequently through the 10–80 min peak window	Fall in MAP of more than 25% in the first hour or signs of hypoperfusion: stop dosing; IV fluid if hypotensive
Clinical: heart rate, rhythm, ischemia	Cardiac monitor during IV treatment	Chest pain or ST change: stop and get a 12-lead ECG
Clinical: fetal heart rate	Continuous, per obstetric protocol	New decelerations or bradycardia: treat maternal hypotension; notify obstetrics
Clinical: neurologic status	With each BP check	Severe headache or any neurologic symptom in a pregnant or postpartum patient: consider stroke; head CT
Laboratory: preeclampsia workup	At presentation: CBC, AST, ALT, creatinine, urine protein	Platelets <100 × 10⁹/L, transaminases at least twice the upper limit of normal, or creatinine >1.1 mg/dL (or doubled without other renal disease): severe features
Laboratory: long-term oral therapy	CBC and antinuclear antibody (ANA) before and periodically during treatment, and with arthralgia, fever or chest pain	Blood dyscrasia or lupus-like symptoms: stop hydralazine

Interactions & Compatibility

Clinically Significant Interactions

Drug / Class	Effect	What To Do
Other antihypertensives (labetalol, nifedipine, nicardipine, clevidipine)	Additive hypotension; hydralazine is still acting when the next agent goes in	Count every dose; reassess BP at each agent's interval before the next dose
IV diazoxide	Profound hypotension (label)	Observe continuously for several hours if combined
MAO inhibitors	Label caution	Use with caution; monitor BP closely
Epinephrine	Hydralazine may reduce the pressor response to epinephrine	Treat hydralazine-induced hypotension with IV fluid first; avoid vasopressors if possible, and if one is needed, choose one least likely to provoke arrhythmia
Beta-blockers (metoprolol, propranolol)	Blunt reflex tachycardia; oral hydralazine raises metoprolol and propranolol levels	Intended pairing in chronic therapy; watch for bradycardia and hypotension
PDE5 inhibitors (avanafil, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil), riociguat	Severe hypotension with the isosorbide dinitrate in BiDil	Contraindicated with the fixed-dose combination
Food (oral tablets)	Higher plasma levels	Take consistently with respect to meals

IV Compatibility

Diluent: none needed; give undiluted by IV push.
Infusion bags: do not add to infusion solutions (label).
Line: flush with saline before and after the dose.
Verify with an institutional compatibility resource.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: controlled trials have not established safety and effectiveness. There is clinical experience, though. Use it under pediatric critical care or nephrology direction (see Pediatric Dosing).
Neonates: there is no established neonatal dose. Specialist use only.
Pregnancy: in mice it was teratogenic at 20–30 times the maximum daily human dose (200–300 mg). In rabbits it was possibly teratogenic at 10–15 times that dose. Rats were not affected. The effects were cleft palate and malformations of facial and cranial bones. There are no adequate human studies and no positive evidence of fetal harm. Untreated severe hypertension risks maternal stroke, so don't withhold it in an emergency. Higher or frequent doses are linked to maternal hypotension and abnormal fetal heart rate tracings.
Lactation: it passes into breast milk in small amounts. Data are limited. Long use in postpartum mothers indicates it is acceptable, even when nursing a newborn.
Older Adults: no specific adjustment is established. Start at the low end and watch for postural hypotension and falls.
Renal Impairment: the label sets no CrCl threshold. Marked renal impairment may need lower doses. Monitor renal function.
Hepatic Impairment: no specific adjustment is established. Metabolism is extensively hepatic, so start low and titrate.
Obesity / Dosing Weight: adult dosing is fixed. It is not weight-based.
Slow Acetylators (NAT2): slow acetylators reach higher plasma levels on oral therapy. They need lower doses and carry more lupus risk. Acetylation mainly changes oral first-pass exposure. It does not change the IV dose.

Field & Transport Considerations

Scope: ED, L&D, ICU and critical-care transport (RN, paramedic, flight crew) use it. Ground EMS formularies rarely carry it. It varies by state and agency protocol.
Storage & Stability: store at 20–25°C (68–77°F). Use it immediately after opening, and discard any discolored solution. Limit heat exposure in vehicles.
Carried Concentration: one concentration, 20 mg/mL. A 5 mg dose is just 0.25 mL. Use a 1 mL syringe and read the dose back.
Infusions in Transport: none. It goes in as a bolus. A dose given just before departure can peak in the vehicle (10–80 min), so recheck BP at least every 10–15 min en route. In pregnancy, recheck 20 min after each dose before any repeat. Once BP is controlled, check every 10 min for the first hour.
Obstetric Transfers: before you leave, confirm the magnesium sulfate rate, the seizure precautions and the plan for refractory BP: the next agent and who to call.
Handoff Essentials: time and dose of each hydralazine dose and the running total, other antihypertensives given, last BP and its time, when the next check is due, magnesium status, fetal status.

Clinical Pearls

The 20-minute rule: IV hydralazine starts working in 10–20 min and keeps lowering BP for up to 80 min. Redose before the 20-minute recheck and you stack doses. That can cause hypotension with fetal compromise.

ACOG first-line agents compared:

Labetalol IV: recheck in 10 min. Avoid it in asthma or bradycardia.
Hydralazine IV: recheck in 20 min. A good choice in asthma or bradycardia.
Nifedipine immediate-release PO: recheck in 20 min. Choose it when there is no IV access.

Exam discriminator: A preeclamptic patient with asthma and BP 170/112 mmHg? Reach for hydralazine or nifedipine, not labetalol. Give magnesium and the antihypertensive together. If only one can start, the antihypertensive goes first.

Know the switch point: Two hydralazine doses (5–10 mg, then 10 mg, 20 mg at most) and BP still isn't controlled? Change drugs and call maternal-fetal medicine or critical care. The trigger is two doses, not a 20 mg total. Don't give a third dose just to reach 20 mg.

Dissection trap: A pure arteriolar dilator pushes heart rate up, and that raises aortic wall stress. Suspect an aortic dissection? Beta-blockers go first, before any vasodilator. Use the heart-rate and BP targets in the 2022 ACC/AHA aortic guideline (reference 9). Not the older numbers.

Lupus is a long-term problem: Drug-induced lupus usually shows up after more than 6 months of oral therapy. It rises with dose, and it is more likely in slow acetylators. That makes it a reason to monitor chronic therapy. It is not a reason to skip an emergency IV dose.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of Action

Direct relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle (altered intracellular calcium movement). Systemic vascular resistance falls, so BP falls, and the diastolic drops more than the systolic.
Arterioles more than veins. Preload stays largely preserved. Postural hypotension can occur, but it is less common than with ganglionic blocking agents.
Baroreflex activation. Heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output rise. Myocardial oxygen demand rises with them, which is an ischemia risk in coronary disease.
Renin release. Angiotensin II and aldosterone follow. With long-term use they cause sodium and water retention. Renal and cerebral blood flow are maintained.

Pharmacokinetics

Route	Onset	Peak	Duration
IV	10–20 min (can begin within minutes)	Maximal BP fall 10–80 min	2–4 hr; variable
IM	10–20 min	10–80 min	Variable
PO	—	Plasma level 1–2 hr	Dosed four times daily

Half-life: 3–7 hr after oral dosing (label). BP does not track plasma levels closely. The injection label gives no other pharmacokinetic data.
Metabolism: the liver does the work, extensively, including polymorphic N-acetylation (slow vs rapid acetylators). Oral bioavailability is low and saturable (10–26% in heart failure, higher in slow acetylators).
Elimination: it leaves mainly as metabolites in urine.
Protein binding: 87%.
Volume of distribution: 2.2 L/kg at steady state after 0.3 mg/kg IV in heart failure (BiDil label).

Names & Classification

Generic Name: Hydralazine hydrochloride
Brand Names: Apresoline (former US brand; current US injection and tablets are generic); BiDil (with isosorbide dinitrate)
Pharmacologic Class: Direct arteriolar vasodilator (hydrazinophthalazine)
Therapeutic Class: Antihypertensive; afterload reducer
Controlled Substance: Not controlled
ISMP High-Alert: No
Look-Alike / Sound-Alike: hydrALAZINE / hydrOXYzine; hydrALAZINE / HYDROmorphone; hydrALAZINE / hydroCHLOROthiazide

References

Fresenius Kabi USA. (2025). Hydralazine hydrochloride injection, USP, 20 mg/mL [prescribing information] (issued October 2025). DailyMed, National Library of Medicine. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bf1b7c2f-535c-45bb-928a-65606d87685e
Camber Pharmaceuticals. (2025). Hydralazine hydrochloride tablets, USP [prescribing information] (revised February 2025); and Azurity Pharmaceuticals. (2025). BiDil (isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine hydrochloride) tablets [prescribing information] (revised November 2025). DailyMed, National Library of Medicine. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5da36930-d3da-4b5c-9e22-2b141bc01a9c; https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e1e63cd5-d1e4-4af5-bad5-1ad41ea46b00
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020; reaffirmed 2026). Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 222. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 135(6), e237–e260. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003891; and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2023). Acute hypertension in pregnancy and postpartum algorithm. ACOG Obstetric Emergencies program.
Gonçalves, O. R., Bendaham, L. C. A. R., Simoni, G. H., Kojima, G. S. A., Faria, H. S., et al. (2024). Comparative efficacy and safety between intravenous labetalol and intravenous hydralazine for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 303, 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.11.002
Ahmed, I., Alley, W. D., Chauhan, S., & Afzal, M. (2026). Hypertensive crisis (updated June 2026); and Herman, L. L., & Tivakaran, V. S. (2023). Hydralazine (updated March 2023). In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507701/; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470296/
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2024). Hydralazine (updated November 15, 2024). In Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). National Library of Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30000013/
Flynn, J. T., Kaelber, D. C., Baker-Smith, C. M., et al. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(3), e20171904. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1904
Heidenreich, P. A., Bozkurt, B., Aguilar, D., et al. (2022). 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure. Circulation, 145(18), e895–e1032. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063
National Association of State EMS Officials (NASEMSO). (2022). National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0 (March 2022), Universal Care Guideline, p. 13 (pediatric weight-based dose not to exceed the adult maximum). https://nasemso.org/docs.ashx?id=1444322
Isselbacher, E. M., Preventza, O., Hamilton Black, J., et al. (2022). 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease. Circulation, 146(24), e334–e482. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001106
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., et al. (2018). 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. Hypertension, 71(6), e13–e115. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065

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Hydralazine (Apresoline)