Specific Gravity
Normal: 1.003-1.030
Measures urine concentration and kidney's ability to concentrate or dilute urine. Essential for assessing hydration status and renal concentrating ability.
Learn MoreDipstick Chemical Analysis
Urine pH
Normal: 4.5-8.0
Reflects acid-base status and can indicate renal tubular acidosis, UTI, or dietary factors. Helps guide treatment for kidney stones.
Learn MoreUrine Protein
Normal: Negative (<10 mg/dL)
Proteinuria indicates kidney damage, glomerular disease, or systemic conditions. Key marker for chronic kidney disease and preeclampsia.
Learn MoreUrine Glucose
Normal: Negative (<15 mg/dL)
Glucosuria indicates hyperglycemia exceeding renal threshold or renal tubular dysfunction. Common in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
Learn MoreUrine Ketones
Normal: Negative
Ketonuria indicates fat metabolism due to starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis, or low-carbohydrate diets. Critical finding in DKA diagnosis.
Learn MoreUrine Blood
Normal: Negative
Hematuria can indicate UTI, kidney stones, glomerulonephritis, trauma, or malignancy. Requires microscopy to confirm and differentiate causes.
Learn MoreLeukocyte Esterase
Normal: Negative
Marker of white blood cells in urine indicating urinary tract infection or inflammation. Sensitive screening test for UTI.
Learn MoreUrine Nitrites
Normal: Negative
Indicates presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus). Highly specific for bacterial UTI when positive.
Learn MoreMicroscopic Examination
Urine Microscopy
Normal: Few cells, rare casts
Microscopic examination of urine sediment identifies cells (WBCs, RBCs, epithelial), casts, crystals, and bacteria. Essential for complete urinalysis interpretation.
Learn MoreMedical Disclaimer
- For Educational Purposes Only: This content is intended for educational reference and should not be used for clinical decision-making.
- Not a Substitute for Professional Judgment: Always consult your local protocols, institutional guidelines, and supervising physicians.
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AI Assistance Notice
The clinical content and references are curated and reviewed by myself; however, AI was used to assist in organizing, paraphrasing, and formatting the information presented.