Bedside Snapshot

Use It For: RSI paralysis, especially when succinylcholine is contraindicated; routine intubation; continued paralysis for controlled ventilation (OR, ICU, transport)
Adult Dose: RSI: 1–1.2 mg/kg IV/IO rapid push (max 1.2 mg/kg)
Repeat: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IV once twitches return
Infusion: 10–12 mcg/kg/min, titrate 4–16 mcg/kg/min
Pediatric Dose: Intubation: 0.6 mg/kg IV (label; IO at the same dose per emergency practice). Emergency RSI: 1 mg/kg IV/IO (off-label; max 1.2 mg/kg). Differs from FDA label: label does not recommend pediatric RSI use
Onset / Duration: IV: ~1 min / median 60–70 min after 1–1.2 mg/kg (range to 160 min; 94 min at 1.2 mg/kg if ≥65 yr); about 30 min after 0.6 mg/kg; longer in liver disease
Do Not Give / Hold If: Anaphylaxis to any neuromuscular blocker; no airway plan, rescue equipment or ventilation ready; sedation not ready; no twitch on train-of-four (no repeat dose)
Watch For: Awareness under paralysis (rising HR or BP, tearing); anaphylaxis (hypotension, bronchospasm); residual block after extubation (TOF ratio <0.9)
Reversal / Rescue: Sugammadex 2 mg/kg (2nd twitch back) or 4 mg/kg (1–2 post-tetanic counts); adults: 16 mg/kg for immediate reversal after 1.2 mg/kg. Ventilate until recovered
Must Remember: Paralysis outlasts the induction agent: rocuronium has no sedative or analgesic effect. Start analgosedation right after tube confirmation, and store it segregated: wrong-drug errors kill

Indications

Emergency & Prehospital

Rapid sequence intubation (RSI): paralysis right after the induction agent (see RSI)
RSI when succinylcholine is contraindicated: hyperkalemia risk, malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, neuromuscular disease, denervation, or burns and crush injury past the first day
Continued paralysis after intubation: transport or transfer when ventilation is controlled and sedation is deep

ED / ICU / Transport

Routine intubation and facilitating ventilation: the label lists it as an FDA-labeled adjunct to general anesthesia, and long-term ICU use has not been studied per the label. In the ICU, think short trial: life-threatening hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis or hemodynamic compromise. Optimize sedation and ventilator settings first, per SCCM 2016 guidance
Severe ARDS: not routine. ESICM 2023 recommends against routine NMBA infusions in moderate-to-severe non-COVID ARDS (strong, moderate evidence). ATS 2024 conditionally suggests them only in early severe ARDS (low certainty). The large trials used cisatracurium, not rocuronium. Reserve it for refractory hypoxemia or dyssynchrony, and keep the course short
Overt shivering during targeted temperature management: when other measures fail (weak SCCM 2016 suggestion)

Other Uses

Surgical muscle relaxation: maintenance by repeat bolus or infusion under general anesthesia (FDA-labeled; anesthesia-directed)

Dosing & Administration

Doses vary by protocol; follow local protocols and medical direction. Where a dose departs from the FDA label, it's marked.

Available Forms

10 mg/mL multiple-dose vials: 50 mg in 5 mL and 100 mg in 10 mL; the common refrigerated product (Hospira label)
10 mg/mL single-dose vials or prefilled syringe: 50 mg in 5 mL and 100 mg in 10 mL vial; the Fresenius Kabi NDA 217472 product is stored at 20–25 °C, so follow the package storage line

High-Alert Medication: Rocuronium stops breathing. Wrong patient, wrong drug or no sedation can be fatal. Store it segregated, with the warning cap and ferrule intact. Label every syringe as a paralyzing agent. Before every push, check the drug, the dose in mg and mg/kg, and the weight.

Adult Dosing

Indication	Dose & Route	Repeat / Max	Notes
RSI (emergency)	1–1.2 mg/kg IV/IO rapid push, right after the induction agent	Single dose; max 1.2 mg/kg (label RSI range 0.6–1.2 mg/kg; no labeled absolute cap)	High-alert Dosing weight: actual body weight per the label (obesity: see Special Populations). 1.2 mg/kg gives the fastest onset and longest duration. Draw up post-intubation sedation first.
Routine (non-RSI) intubation	0.6 mg/kg IV	Single dose; 0.45 mg/kg with some anesthetic techniques	High-alert Intubating block in about 1 min; clinical duration median 31 min (15–85).
Maintenance / repeat bolus	0.1–0.2 mg/kg IV	Only after recovery is evident (label doses given at 25% T1 recovery, about 3 of 4 twitches); titrate to TOF	High-alert Give sedation first if any sign of light sedation.
Starting paralysis, intubated and unparalyzed (ICU/transport)	0.6 mg/kg IV loading dose once deep sedation is confirmed; then infusion 10–12 mcg/kg/min at early recovery, or 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IV once twitches return	Single loading dose (labeled intubating doses run to 1.2 mg/kg); then titrate to TOF	High-alert A 0.1–0.2 mg/kg maintenance dose alone underdoses a fully recovered patient. Label CABG study: 8 mcg/kg/min for 6–12 hr. After succinylcholine, give only once its recovery is seen.

Pediatric Dosing

Indication	Dose (per kg) & Route	Max Single / Max Total	Notes
Intubation (labeled)	0.6 mg/kg IV (0.45 mg/kg by technique and age); IO at the same dose per emergency practice (off-label)	Single dose; not above the adult dose	High-alert Block in about 1 min; median clinical duration 26 min (age 1–12 yr), 41 min (3–12 months).
Emergency RSI (off-label)	1 mg/kg IV/IO (source: Bisesi 2024 pediatric RSI practice study)	Single dose; max 1.2 mg/kg (not above the adult dose)	High-alert Differs from FDA label: label does not recommend rocuronium for pediatric RSI; labeled intubating dose 0.6 mg/kg. Use measured or length-based weight (Broselow).
Maintenance	0.075–0.15 mg/kg IV once twitches return; or infusion 7–12 mcg/kg/min	No fixed max: titrate to TOF	High-alert Infusion needs are lowest in neonates and highest at age 2–11 yr.
Neonates (birth to 28 days)	Same per-kg doses (0.45–1 mg/kg studied, label Table 6)	Single dose; NICU or specialist direction	High-alert Slowest onset, longest duration. See weight-based dosing.

Continuous Infusion

Setting	Example Concentration	Start	Titrate	Usual Range / Max
OR / ICU / transport, adult	1 mg/mL: 100 mg in 100 mL (example, institution-specific)	10–12 mcg/kg/min, only after early spontaneous recovery from the intubating or loading dose	Commonly 1–2 of 4 twitches, read with clinical signs, not TOF alone	4–16 mcg/kg/min in label trials; needs often fall after 4–8 hr, but tolerance can develop over days
Pediatric	0.5–1 mg/mL (example, institution-specific)	7–12 mcg/kg/min once 1–2 twitches return	To TOF	Titrate to effect: no fixed max

Preparation & Administration

Push and sequence: Give it undiluted as a rapid IV push. Label studies gave doses over 5 sec. Then flush. Induction agent first, rocuronium right after. Draw up the post-intubation sedation beforehand.
Dilution: Mix to 0.5–5 mg/mL in NS, D5W, D5NS, lactated Ringer's or sterile water. Use within 24 hr. Never run it in one line with alkaline drugs such as barbiturates. Flush between drugs. If it extravasates, restart in another vein.
IO and pumps: When there's no IV, give the same dose IO. That is off-label emergency practice, and the label route is IV only. See IO access. Run infusions on a smart pump with a drug library, and label the line and bag as a paralyzing agent.

Contraindications & Precautions

Contraindications

Known hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylaxis) to rocuronium or any other neuromuscular blocker. Cross-reactivity between depolarizing and nondepolarizing agents is reported.
No ability to ventilate: don't give it unless intubation, ventilation, oxygen and a reversal agent are immediately available (label warning).

Precautions

Anticipated difficult airway: the median block lasts 60–70 min after an RSI dose (about 94 min at 1.2 mg/kg in adults 65 and older). Spontaneous ventilation won't return in time to rescue a failed airway. Have a failed-airway plan, front-of-neck access and sugammadex ready.
Myasthenia gravis or Lambert-Eaton syndrome: small doses can have profound effects. Reduce the dose and guide it with TOF.
Potentiation: cachexia, carcinomatosis, neuromuscular disease. Severe acid-base or electrolyte disorders can deepen or blunt the block.
Resistance: burns, denervation, disuse atrophy, muscle trauma, cerebral palsy, chronic phenytoin or carbamazepine, and prolonged ICU infusion (apparent tolerance).
Pulmonary hypertension or valvular heart disease: may raise pulmonary vascular resistance.
Cesarean section RSI: not recommended by the label (a small 0.6 mg/kg study had poor intubating conditions in 5 of 13 women).
Ventilated status asthmaticus (relative): SCCM suggests against routine paralytic use. Corticosteroids add myopathy risk.

Hold / Reassess If

No twitch on TOF: do not redose; reduce or pause the infusion until at least 1 twitch returns
Rising HR or BP, tearing or sweating under paralysis: give analgesia and sedation first
Every day on an infusion: reassess the need and stop as soon as gas exchange allows
Before withdrawal of life support or brain-death testing: stop the paralytic (SCCM)

Adverse Effects & Toxicity

Common

Transient hypotension or hypertension: about 2% in European trials, 0.1% in US trials
Tachycardia: mild vagolytic effect; transient with laryngoscopy in about one-third of adults; 5.3% in pediatric studies
Histamine-type signs (flushing, rash, bronchospasm): 0.8%
Less than 1%: arrhythmia, nausea, vomiting, hiccup, pruritus, injection-site edema
QTc prolongation: seen in children given rocuronium with general anesthetics. A direct drug effect was not shown.

Serious / Life-Threatening

Effect	Recognition	Management
Awareness with paralysis	Rising HR or BP, tearing, sweating; recall of being awake and unable to move after extubation	Start analgosedation right after tube confirmation and redose on schedule; ask about recall after extubation and refer for support
Anaphylaxis	Hypotension, bronchospasm, rising airway pressures, rash (may be hidden under drapes)	Stop further doses. Epinephrine IM at the anaphylaxis dose on its page, repeated if no improvement. IV fluids and airway support. Refractory: IV epinephrine infusion (boluses only by clinicians experienced in vasopressor titration). Refer for allergy testing; avoid all NMBAs until evaluated. Fluid and anaphylaxis background: anaphylaxis page (cites 2025 AHA Part 10)
Prolonged or residual block	Weak cough or head lift, shallow breathing or desaturation after extubation, TOF ratio <0.9	Ventilate; reverse with sugammadex; confirm TOF ratio ≥0.9 before extubation
ICU-acquired weakness / myopathy	Weakness when weaning after prolonged infusion, especially with corticosteroids	Shortest effective duration; daily reassessment; structured physiotherapy
Corneal exposure injury	Incomplete lid closure, corneal dryness or abrasion during infusions	Scheduled lubricating drops or gel and eyelid closure (SCCM strong recommendation)
Malignant hyperthermia (rare; not a known trigger)	Rising EtCO₂ despite more ventilation, tachycardia, rising temperature	Stop triggering agents; dantrolene per the MH protocol

Overdose & Toxicity Management

Signs and management: paralysis that outlasts the intended time, hypoventilation, or airway obstruction after extubation. Secure the airway, control ventilation and keep the patient sedated until recovery is confirmed.
Antidote: sugammadex IV, dosed by actual body weight: 2 mg/kg once the second twitch returns, or 4 mg/kg at 1–2 post-tetanic counts with no TOF twitch. In adults only, 16 mg/kg gives immediate reversal about 3 min after 1.2 mg/kg rocuronium. Not studied in children. Labeled for surgical patients. ICU, ED or transport use is off-label. Pediatric doses are on the sugammadex page. Watch for marked bradycardia and anaphylaxis, and have atropine ready (Bridion label).
Neostigmine: neostigmine with an anticholinergic, and only at minimal depth (TOF ratio 0.4 to <0.9). It cannot reverse deep block.
Re-paralysis after sugammadex: waiting times before rocuronium or vecuronium is given again are on the sugammadex page. Need paralysis sooner? Use a nonsteroidal blocker (Bridion label).

Monitoring

Parameter	When / How Often	Target / Act If
Clinical: waveform EtCO₂	Continuous from intubation through transport and handoff	Loss of waveform: assume tube displacement or circuit disconnection; the paralyzed patient cannot breathe alone
Clinical: SpO₂, ECG, BP	Continuous; frequent BP around intubation	Hypotension or bronchospasm after the push: consider anaphylaxis
Clinical: sedation and analgesia	Before the first dose and with every vital-sign set during paralysis	Goal deep sedation before and throughout; rising HR or BP, tearing: give analgesia and sedation
Neuromuscular: train-of-four	Before each repeat dose and each infusion titration	No twitch: do not redose. ICU/transport infusions: commonly 1–2 of 4 twitches, read with clinical signs (SCCM)
Neuromuscular: recovery	Before extubation or stopping ventilation	Quantitative TOF ratio ≥0.9 at the adductor pollicis; lower: reverse or keep ventilating (ASA guideline)
Clinical: neuro exam	Document before paralysis	Paralysis hides motor findings and convulsions; pupils still react. For adults after cardiac arrest who do not follow commands, AHA 2025 recommends prompt EEG for seizures (Part 11); after arrest, NMBAs may be metabolized more slowly and residual paralysis can confound the exam
Laboratory: acid-base, electrolytes, glucose	With ABG and chemistry on infusions	Severe pH or K⁺ derangement can deepen or blunt block: correct and recheck TOF. Glucose: SCCM 2016 suggests a target below 180 mg/dL during NMBA infusion
Infusion safety	Every titration and every handoff	Confirm concentration, mcg/kg/min, weight used and a labeled line

Interactions & Compatibility

Clinically Significant Interactions

Drug / Class	Effect	What To Do
Inhaled anesthetics (isoflurane, enflurane)	Longer block; infusion needs fall about 40%	Reduce infusion 30–50% at steady state; TOF
Antibiotics: aminoglycosides, vancomycin, tetracyclines, bacitracin, polymyxins, colistin	Prolonged block	Expect a longer duration; TOF before redosing
Magnesium salts (e.g., pre-eclampsia, eclampsia)	Enhanced block	Lower repeat doses; TOF
Lithium, local anesthetics, procainamide, quinidine	Prolonged block; quinidine during recovery can cause recurrent paralysis	Monitor TOF and breathing after these drugs
Succinylcholine	Given first, rocuronium lasts longer (median 36 vs 28 min); rocuronium before succinylcholine not studied	Give rocuronium only after succinylcholine recovery is seen

IV Compatibility

Diluents: NS, D5W, D5NS, lactated Ringer's, sterile water (up to 5 mg/mL for 24 hr).
Physically incompatible (label): many classes, including cephalosporins, penicillins, corticosteroids, benzodiazepines, vancomycin, furosemide, insulin, ketorolac and methohexital. Don't co-infuse them in one line.
Alkaline solutions: never in the same syringe, and never through the same needle at once. Flush between drugs.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: the label doesn't recommend rocuronium for pediatric RSI. Even so, it was the most used paralytic in a 13-center US pediatric RSI study. Onset is fastest in infants aged 28 days to 3 months, and duration is longest in infants. Post-intubation sedation is often late or missing. Doses are in the Pediatric Dosing table.
Neonates: slowest onset and long duration. Follow NICU or specialist direction.
Pregnancy: the label identifies no drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. It crosses the placenta. For Cesarean section RSI, the label does not recommend it. Magnesium for pre-eclampsia enhances the block. Don't withhold indicated emergency airway management.
Lactation: there are no data on milk transfer or infant effects. Weigh the benefits of breastfeeding against the mother's need.
Older adults: onset is slower (median 2.3 min at 0.6 mg/kg), and duration is longer (46, 62 and 94 min after 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mg/kg). Expect a higher risk of residual block. Monitor TOF and consider reversal.
Renal impairment: Usual doses apply. Duration varies widely (22–90 min). Sugammadex is not recommended in severe renal impairment, dialysis included (Bridion label).
Hepatic impairment: expect duration about 1.5 times longer. In cirrhosis, half-life about doubles.
Obesity / dosing weight: the label bases the initial dose on actual body weight. Ideal-weight dosing gave slower onset and poorer intubating conditions. At 1–1.2 mg/kg, paralysis can be very long, so have sugammadex available. For ICU paralytic dosing, SCCM 2016 suggests a consistent ideal or adjusted body weight. Protocols vary.
Myasthenia gravis: marked sensitivity. Use a reduced dose, guided by TOF.
Low plasma cholinesterase: no adjustment. Rocuronium isn't metabolized by cholinesterase.

Field & Transport Considerations

Scope: Credentialed paramedics for RSI, critical-care and flight teams, and RNs under orders. It varies by state and agency protocol.
Storage: Refrigerate multiple-dose vials at 2–8 °C (36–46 °F). Never freeze them. At room temperature (25 °C), use within 60 days. Use opened vials within 30 days. Date the vial when it leaves the refrigerator. For room-temperature single-dose products, follow the package.
Carried concentration: one strength (10 mg/mL). The real danger is grabbing the wrong drug. Keep it in a separate, labeled paralytic pouch, never beside look-alike small vials.
After intubation and in transport: start sedation and analgesia within minutes. Confirm continuous EtCO₂ and ventilator alarms. Secure the tube and circuit before every move (SCCM good practice). Run infusions on a smart pump with a drug library, on a labeled dedicated line.
Handoff: time, dose in mg and mg/kg and weight used for rocuronium and the induction agent; expected offset; last sedation and analgesia doses; any sugammadex given; TOF result; pre-paralysis neuro exam.

Clinical Pearls

Rocuronium vs succinylcholine (NREMT, FP-C, CFRN):

Succinylcholine: the fastest offset. It carries hyperkalemia and malignant hyperthermia risks.
Rocuronium: no hyperkalemia. It's reversible with sugammadex, but it lasts far longer.
In the prehospital CURASMUR trial (1,248 adults), first-pass success was 74.6% vs 79.4%. Rocuronium was not shown to be noninferior.

Sugammadex returns muscle, not the airway: Immediate reversal works in minutes. The patient is still sedated, though, and the upper airway can obstruct anyway. Don't hold off on a surgical airway while you wait for sugammadex.

Low cardiac output delays onset: With cardiovascular disease, advanced age or other prolonged circulation time, the drug reaches muscle slowly (label section 5.8). Let it finish. Wait for a slack jaw and no movement before laryngoscopy. Give it time instead of adding more drug.

ICU paralysis is a bundle (CCRN): Start with deep sedation. Judge the block by train-of-four plus clinical signs, not TOF alone. Add scheduled eye care, physiotherapy, a glucose target below 180 mg/dL (SCCM 2016 suggestion) with monitoring per ICU protocol, and a daily stop decision.

Sugammadex keeps binding rocuronium: after up to 4 mg/kg, rocuronium 1.2 mg/kg may be given after 5 min. After 4 hr, rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg may be given (24 hr with mild or moderate renal impairment). After 16 mg/kg, wait 24 hr or use a nonsteroidal blocker. Check the sugammadex page before any repeat dose.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of Action

Competitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist at the motor end-plate. The result is flaccid paralysis without fasciculations.
No effect on consciousness, pain threshold or cerebration: sedation and analgesia are always required.
Dose-dependent onset: ED95 is about 0.3 mg/kg. RSI doses (3–4 times ED95) speed onset but prolong duration.
Mild vagolytic effect: expect occasional tachycardia. Minimal histamine release.

Pharmacokinetics

Route	Onset	Peak	Duration
IV, 0.6 mg/kg	About 1 min (median, to intubating block)	Most patients under 3 min	31 min (15–85)
IV, 1.2 mg/kg	Intubating conditions in most patients within 2 min (0.6–1.2 mg/kg range)	Not separately labeled	67 min (38–160)
IO	No labeled data; dosed as IV	—	—

Half-life: distribution 1–2 min and 14–18 min. Elimination is about 1.4 hr in adults under opioid/N₂O anesthesia, about 0.7–1.3 hr in children (longest in infants), and about doubled in hepatic dysfunction. After a bolus, offset is mainly redistribution.
Metabolism and elimination: metabolism is minimal. 17-desacetylrocuronium is rarely detected and weak. Elimination is mainly hepatic (biliary), with limited renal.
Protein binding / Vd: about 30%; 0.25 L/kg (higher in cirrhosis and neonates).

Names & Classification

Generic Name: Rocuronium bromide
Brand Names: Zemuron (original US brand, discontinued); multiple generics
Pharmacologic Class: Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (aminosteroid)
Therapeutic Class: Skeletal muscle relaxant (paralytic) for intubation and ventilation
Controlled Substance: Not controlled
ISMP High-Alert: Yes: ISMP high-alert medication (neuromuscular blocking agents)
Look-Alike / Sound-Alike: No tall-man pair; the main error is selecting a paralytic in place of another injectable, or giving it to the wrong patient

References

Hospira, Inc. (2025). Rocuronium bromide injection, for intravenous use: Prescribing information (revised 06/2025). DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=309aeb1b-8022-4df7-8194-ae6529e3395c
Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC. (2026). Rocuronium bromide injection, for intravenous use: Prescribing information (single-dose vials and prefilled syringes, NDA 217472; revised 07/2026). DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=04c9812d-5aa3-4949-ad02-c618028f1bb0
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC. (2026). BRIDION (sugammadex) injection, for intravenous use: Prescribing information (revised 03/2026). https://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/b/bridion/bridion_pi.pdf
Thilen, S. R., Weigel, W. A., Todd, M. M., Dutton, R. P., Lien, C. A., Grant, S. A., et al. (2023). 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists practice guidelines for monitoring and antagonism of neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology, 138(1), 13–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000004379
Murray, M. J., DeBlock, H., Erstad, B., Gray, A., Jacobi, J., Jordan, C., et al. (2016). Clinical practice guidelines for sustained neuromuscular blockade in the adult critically ill patient (Society of Critical Care Medicine). Critical Care Medicine, 44(11), 2079–2103. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002027
Qadir, N., Sahetya, S., Munshi, L., Summers, C., Abrams, D., Beitler, J., et al. (2024). An update on management of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 209(1), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202311-2011ST
Guihard, B., Chollet-Xémard, C., Lakhnati, P., Vivien, B., Broche, C., Savary, D., et al. (2019). Effect of rocuronium vs succinylcholine on endotracheal intubation success rate among patients undergoing out-of-hospital rapid sequence intubation: A randomized clinical trial (CURASMUR). JAMA, 322(23), 2303–2312. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.18254
Bisesi, S. A., Stauber, S. D., Hutchinson, D. J., & Acquisto, N. M. (2024). Current practices and safety of medication use during pediatric rapid sequence intubation. Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 29(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-29.1.66
Grasselli, G., Calfee, C. S., Camporota, L., et al. (2023). ESICM guidelines on acute respiratory distress syndrome: definition, phenotyping and respiratory support strategies. Intensive Care Medicine, 49(7), 727–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-023-07050-7
Papazian, L., Forel, J.-M., Gacouin, A., et al. (2010). Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome (ACURASYS). New England Journal of Medicine, 363(12), 1107–1116. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20843245/
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PETAL Clinical Trials Network, Moss, M., Huang, D. T., et al. (2019). Early neuromuscular blockade in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ROSE). New England Journal of Medicine, 380(21), 1997–2008. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31112383/
Hirsch, K. G., Amorim, E., Coppler, P. J., et al. (2025). Part 11: Post-Cardiac Arrest Care: 2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation, 152(suppl 2), S673–S718. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001375. Guideline page: https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines/post-cardiac-arrest-care

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